初中英语语法:动词的分类与短语动词(二)

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神志动词的基本用法
神志动词默示谈话东谈主对某一看成或景况的作风,默示“可能”、“应当”、“必要”等含义,但其本人词义不皆备,不行孤独作谓语,必须和动词原形连用。
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神志动词莫得东谈主称和数的变化。其狡赖神情一般是在神志动词后加not (must, have to之外),其疑问神情是将神志动词提至主语前。
神志动词数目未几,但用途庸俗,初中常见的神志动词有:can (could), may (might), must, have to, be able to, shall (should), will (would), need, had better等。
1. can和could的基本用法
(1)can/could默示才气(= be able to)意为“能,会”。could 为 can 的往时式。
Tom can swim. =Tom is able to swim. 汤姆会游水。
(2)can 用在疑问句中,默示征求主张、肯求许可,意为“不错”,
答语仍用can; could 用在疑问句中,比can 更委婉、客气,是一种圭表的说法,并不默示往时时态,答语用can,而不行用could。
---- Could you tell me the way to the zoo? 你能告诉我去动物园的路吗?
---- Sorry. I can’t. I’m new here. 不好兴致,我不知谈。我是新来的。
(3)can 用在狡赖句、疑问句中,默示可能性,can可能can’t不可能。
The boy can’t be Jim. He’s much taller. 这个男孩不可能是吉姆。他要高许多。
【提防】① be able to不错和can(could)默示相通兴致。如:No one can do it.=No one is able to do it.
② 默示畴昔或其他时代的才气和作念具体一件事的才气时要用be able to。
如:Will you be able to come tonight?
(4)句式变化如下:
① 在变狡赖句时,胜利在can后加上“not”,可缩写成can’t或cannot,但不行写成cann’t。
He can swim.→He can’t swim. // Emma can see the pen on the desk.→Emma cannot see the pen on the desk.
② 在变一般疑问句时,胜利把can移到主语前(原主语的首字母改成小写,第一东谈主称应变为第二东谈主称)即可。
I can see an orange on the table. → Can you see an orange on the table?
其文书可用Yes, OK或Certainly (口吻更为细目) 等作细目文书;用No或Sorry等作狡赖文书。
---- Can you look after my books, please? 你能照拂一下我的书吗? ---- OK. 不错。
---- Can I see your guitar? 我能望望你的吉它吗? ---- Certainly. 固然不错。
2. may, might的基本用法
(1)默示请乞降允许。意为“不错”,时常与第一东谈主称I连用,组成May I...? 句式,默示“我不错……吗?”在文书对方说“不错作念某事”或“不不错作念某事”时,一般无须may或 may not,以幸免口吻生硬、太严厉或不太客气,而用 比拟婉转的说法进行文书,细目文书用Sure. / Certainly. / Of course. /Yes, please.等。狡赖文书默示“封闭”或“终止”对 方作念某事时,用No, you can’t. /No, you mustn’t. / Please don’t. 无须No, you may not. 如:
---- May I ask you a question? ---- Certainly.
---- May we swim in this lake? ---- No, you mustn’t. It’s too dangerous.
---- May I go to the cinema, dad? ---- No, you mustn’t. You must finish your homework first.
---- May I come in? ----Yes, please. / ---- Sure. / ---- Certainly. /---- Please don’t. /---- No, you mustn’t.
(2)might也不错代替may,默示刻下时代的看成,但口吻较为婉转客气或愈加不愿定。用May I...? 征徇对方许可时比拟细腻和客气,而用Can I...? 在白话中更常见。
May I have a look at your new computer? // It might rain this afternoon.
(3)默示谈话东谈主的揣测,觉得某一件事“大致”、“可能”发生,时常用于细目句中(无须于疑问句)。might不是往时式,它所默示的可能性比may小。
I may be busy from tomorrow on. // I wondered if they might agree with the idea.
He may /might be very busy now. // Your mother may /might not know the truth. // It may be in your pocket.
(4)用于祈使句,默示道喜,也常用于默示野心或败北的状语从句中。
May you succeed! // May that day come soon. // May you succeed in winning the first prize in the game.
3. must, have to的基本用法
(1)must默示拖累、义务或一种强制性司法,意为“必须,应该”,默示必须要作念的事,其狡赖式mustn’t默示终止,即不许对方作念某事。
---- May I go to the cinema, Mum? ---- Certainly. But you must be back by 11 o’clock.
These books mustn’t be taken out of the reading room. You have to read them here.
2)“must be+表语”默示揣测、可能性,一般只用于细目句中,意为“一定,细目”,默示可能性很大,口吻比may细目,时常用于细目句,在狡赖句中要用can’t,默示“不可能”。
There must be some mistakes. 细目有一些伪善。// You must be very tired. 你一定很累了。
Your mother must be waiting for you now. 你姆妈刻下一定在等你
(3)文书must开端的一般疑问句,细目文书用must,要是是狡赖的文书,要用needn’t或don’t have to,默示“不必”,“莫得必要”的兴致,无须mustn’t,因为mustn’t默示终止或不准,兴致是“一定不要”,“不应该”,“不许可”,“不准”,“终止”。如:---- Must I finish the work before five o’clock? ---- Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to.
(4)“have to”默示客不雅需要,意为“不得不、必须”,有东谈主称、时态和数的变化,后跟动词原形。
She has to look after her little sister. 她不得不热心她的小妹妹。
I have to do some washing. 我必须洗洗穿着。// I had to do my homework last night. 昨晚我不得不作念功课。
(5)have to 的狡赖式和疑问式一般要借用助动词do的允洽神情组成。have to 的狡赖式是don’t have to; has to 的狡赖式是doesn’t have to; had to 的狡赖式是didn’t have to。have to的疑问式相通也借用助动词do的相应神情组成。如:He doesn’t have to do the homework now. 他莫得必要刻下作念功课。
---- Do I have to go there now? 我刻下就得去那处吗?
---- Yes, you do.(No, you don’t have to.)是的,你必须去。(不,你不必。)
We didn’t have to answer the question yesterday. 昨天咱们莫得必要文书这个问题。
(6)must 与 have to 的鉴别: must 默示谈话东谈主的主不雅意愿;have to 一般强调客不雅需要,它比must更含有客不雅条款迫使,必须这么作念的兴致。如:I must do my homework first. 我必须最初作念家庭功课。(主不雅意愿)
If I buy that car, I’ll have to borrow some money. 要是我要买那辆汽车,我得借些钱。(客不雅需要)
4. shall和should的基本用法
shall 用于第一东谈主称的句子中,默示提建议或肯求;should用于各式东谈主称的句子中,强调义务或拖累,意为“应该”。
Shall we go out for a walk? 咱们出去漫衍好吗?(建议)
You should study hard at school. 你们在学校应该努力学习。(劝告)
5. will和would的基本用法
(1)will用于第二东谈主称疑问句,默示肯求或商榷对方的意愿,也可抒发刻下的意愿,可用于各式东谈主称。
Will you tell her that I’ll be back in twenty minutes? 请你告诉她我二相配钟后追究好吗?
I’ll do anything for you. 我会为你作念任何事情。// I’ll do my best. 我自得发奋。
(2)would在疑问句中,用于第二东谈主称,默示谈话东谈主向对方提倡肯求或商榷对方的意愿时,比用will的气愈加婉转。
Would you like some more coffee? // Will / Would you pass me the ball, please?
(3)在平素生存中,常用“I would like to…”默示“我思要”或“我自得”之意,以使口吻婉转。
I would like to do Ex.2 first. 我思先作念进修2。
(4)would不错默示往时的民风看成,比used to细腻,并莫得“现已无此民风”的含义。
During the vacation he would visit me every week. 在假期里他会每周都来看我。
Last year our English teacher would sometimes tell us stories in English after class.昨年咱们的英语淳厚偶然会课后给咱们讲英语故事。
6. need的基本用法
(1)need 作神志动词时,意为“需要”,主要用于狡赖句和疑问句中。其狡赖神情为needn’t,默示“莫得必要,不必”;对由need组成的疑问句进行文书时,其细目文书用must,狡赖文书用 needn’t。
---- Need we do some cleaning now? 咱们必须刻下大扫除吗?
---- Yes, you must. 是的,你们必须(刻下大扫除)。---- No, you needn’t. 不,你们不必。
(2)need作实义动词时,有东谈主称和数的变化,后跟动词原形。常用于下列结构:
① need to do sth.“需要作念某事”。如:I need to learn more. 我需要学习更多(的东西)。
② need doing sth. 默示被迫道理,意为“某物需要被作念”。如:My hair needs cutting. 我的头发该理了。
③ need+名词或代词,意为“需要……”。如:All living things need water. 一切生物需要水。
7. had better的基本用法
“had better+动词原形”默示“最佳作念某事”,疑问句是把had放到句首,狡赖句是在had better 后加not。
You’d better sit here and say nothing. // You’d better not speak because he is sleeping.
---- Had you better go now? ---- Yes, we had (we’d better/ we had better).
8. used to的基本用法
used to默示往时的民风看成或景况,刻下已不存在,强并吞刻下的对比,“往时时常作念某事”,暗含“刻下不作念了。”之意。句中常有but now 默示刻下的情况。在蜿蜒引语中,其神情可不变。
He told us he used to play football when he was young. // Tom used to go to hospital, but now she is in good health.
在疑问句、狡赖句、狡赖疑问句或强调句中,可有两种神情。如:
疑问句:Did you use to/ Used you to go to the same school as your brother?
狡赖句:I usedn’t to / didn’t use to go there. (usedn’t 也可写稿usen’t);
狡赖疑问句:Usen’t you to/ Didn’t you use to be interested in the theatre?
强调句:I certainly used to/ did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.;
其反意疑问句或爽直文书中,也有两种神情:She used to be very fat, didn’t she?/ use(d)n’t she?
----Did you use to play chess? ----Yes, I did. // ----Used you to get up early in the morning? ----Yes, I did. / used to.
9. would rather意为“甘心”,表接收,后接不带to的不定式。
由于would rather表接收,因此后可接than。
I’d rather not say anything. // Would you rather work on a farm?
---- Wouldn’t you rather stay here? ---- No, I would not. I’d rather go there.
I would rather work on a farm than in a factory. // I would rather watch TV than go to see the film.
I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie.
I’d rather you didn’t talk about this to anyone. (句中的 ’d rather不是神志动词,would 在此是表愿望的实义动词)
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